@Article{BassoWCTCAWSPNMG:2023:AtCOIn,
               author = "Basso, Luana Santamaria and Wilson, Chris and Chipperfield, Martyn 
                         P. and Tejada Pinell, Graciela and Cassol, Henrique Lu{\'{\i}}s 
                         Godinho and Arai, Egidio and Williams, Mathew and Smallman, T. 
                         Luke and Peters, Wouter and Naus, Stijn and Miller, John B. and 
                         Gloor, Manuel",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {University 
                         of Leeds} and {University of Leeds} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 
                         (INPE)} and {University of Edinburgh} and {University of 
                         Edinburgh} and {Wageningen University and Research} and 
                         {Wageningen University and Research} and {NOAA – Global Monitoring 
                         Laboratory} and {University of Leeds}",
                title = "Atmospheric CO2 inversion reveals the Amazon as a minor carbon 
                         source caused by fire emissions, with forest uptake offsetting 
                         about half of these emissions",
              journal = "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics",
                 year = "2023",
               volume = "23",
                pages = "9685--9723",
                month = "Sept.",
             abstract = "Tropical forests such as the Amazonian rainforests play an 
                         important role for climate, are large carbon stores and are a 
                         treasure of biodiversity. Amazonian forests have been exposed to 
                         large-scale deforestation and degradation for many decades. 
                         Deforestation declined between 2005 and 2012 but more recently has 
                         again increased with similar rates as in 20072008. The resulting 
                         forest fragments are exposed to substantially elevated 
                         temperatures in an already warming world. These temperature and 
                         land cover changes are expected to affect the forests, and an 
                         important diagnostic of their health and sensitivity to climate 
                         variation is their carbon balance. In a recent study based on CO2 
                         atmospheric vertical profile observations between 2010 and 2018, 
                         and an air column budgeting technique used to estimate fluxes, we 
                         reported the Amazon region as a carbon source to the atmosphere, 
                         mainly due to fire emissions. Instead of an air column budgeting 
                         technique, we use an inverse of the global atmospheric transport 
                         model, TOMCAT, to assimilate CO2 observations from Amazon vertical 
                         profiles and global flask measurements. We thus estimate inter- 
                         and intra-annual variability in the carbon fluxes, trends over 
                         time and controls for the period of 20102018. This is the longest 
                         period covered by a Bayesian inversion of these atmospheric CO2 
                         profile observations to date. Our analyses indicate that the 
                         Amazon is a small net source of carbon to the atmosphere (mean 
                         20102018 = 0.13 ± 0.17 Pg C yr\−1 , where 0.17 is the 
                         1\σ uncertainty), with the majority of the emissions coming 
                         from the eastern region (77 % of total Amazon emissions). Fire is 
                         the primary driver of the Amazonian source (0.26 ± 0.13 Pg C 
                         yr\−1 ), while forest carbon uptake removes around half of 
                         the fire emissions to the atmosphere (\−0.13 ± 0.20 Pg C 
                         yr\−1 ). The largest net carbon sink was observed in the 
                         western-central Amazon region (72 % of the fire emissions). We 
                         find larger carbon emissions during the extreme drought years 
                         (such as 2010, 2015 and 2016), correlated with increases in 
                         temperature, cumulative water deficit and burned area. Despite the 
                         increase in total carbon emissions during drought years, we do not 
                         observe a significant trend over time in our carbon total, fire 
                         and net biome exchange estimates between 2010 and 2018. Our 
                         analysis thus cannot provide clear evidence for a weakening of the 
                         carbon uptake by Amazonian tropical forests.",
                  doi = "10.5194/acp-23-9685-2023",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9685-2023",
                 issn = "1680-7316 and 1680-7324",
                label = "self-archiving-INPE-MCTIC-GOV-BR",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "acp-23-9685-2023.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}